27 febrero, 2023 . [6][7] Moreover, Tripoli, the stronghold of the Lebanese Sunnis, is also the birthplace of Lebanon's Salafi Movement. Furthermore, unlike Christians whose affairs were run by the millet system and were recognized as religious communities (e.g. [75] However, a 2012 CIA study reports that the Shia Muslims constituted an estimated 27% of Lebanon's population. The Harfushes were first identified by late-Mamluk historian Ibn Tawq as muqaddams of the Anti-Lebanon mountain villages al-Jebbeh and Assal al-Ward as early as 1483, and later as deputies of Baalbek in 1498 by historians Ibn Homsi and Ibn Tulun. [31] The 18th century French orientalist comte de Volney who visited Lebanon toward the late 1780s described Lebanese Shiites as a "distinct society",[32] and a 19th century British traveler observed that they were hated by Persians as Arabs, and by Turks and Arabs as Shiites, a predicament which was not shared by any other group.[31]. During that time, Husam ad-Din ruled over Toron, Banias and Chastel Neuf, giving him control of the road from Damascus to Tyre road which were of utmost importance in blocking any Frankish attempt at reconquest. It commonly designates a chief of a tribe or a royal family member. In order to bring their demands (mulabiyya) to the attention of the French authorities, petitions were signed and presented to the French High Commissioner and the Service de l'Instruction Publique. [46] During these negotiations, petitions were often used by different sects to demand support for reforms. [47], Sayyid Abdul-Husayn Sharafeddine believed that the only way to ward off foreign political influence was to establish modern schools while maintaining Islamic teachings. [13] Al-Yunini identifies other notable Shia individuals from Baalbek in this period, including Muhammad bin Abi al-Hasan (11981278) from Baalbek, a battle-hardened fris and amir of 20 soldiers who fought the crusaders and Mongols; and Muhammad bin Muwaffaq al-Tanukhi (fl. It is also commonly used to refer to a Muslim religious scholar. [13], With the arrival of the First Crusade, Tripoli and Tyre initially resisted crusaders and paid tribute to prevent further conflict, which only proved temporary. [28], Zahir's military potential was significantly boosted by the backing of 10,000 Shiite fighters, noted by a French consul as "excellent fighters",[28] who aided him against the sieges and assaults of the governors of Damascus, and participated in fifteen subsequent campaigns against his foes. Although used for first names, names like Ismail can also serve as the last name. Hezbollah denies any role in killing Hariri, Lebanon's main. [28] Almost a century later, the Harfushes gave shelter to Haydar Shihab and provided him with 2,500 troops to carry out the Battle of Ain Dara, which resulted in Haydar Shihab's decisive victory. Other Muslim rulers soon acted to crush this powerful heretical movement. Lebanese Sunni have accused security forces of heavy-handed tactics By Lina Sinjab BBC News, Tripoli, Lebanon Sitting in a dark corner of a poorly furnished apartment in the Bab al-Tabbaneh. Al-Fil closed the plant down on 15 July just after the war broke out to safeguard against the deaths of workers in the event of such an attack, but the damage was estimated at a steep 55million US dollars, with the reconstruction timeframe indefinite due to instability and government hesitation. Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, Shias are the only sect eligible for the post of Speaker of Parliament. ANWAR AMRO/AFP/Getty Images. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more Phoenician than another. [40] However, the French breakdown on Shiites left the latter resentful against them. Isma'ilism, or "Sevener Shi'ism", is a branch of Shia Islam which emerged in 765 from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad. [36], In January 1926, the French High Commissioner officially recognized the Shia community as an "independent religious community," which was permitted to judge matters of personal status "according to the principles of the rite known by the name of Ja'fari. Lebanese Sunni Muslims (Arabic: ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Sunni branch of Islam in Lebanon, which is one of the largest denomination in Lebanon tied with Shias. Slate is published by The Slate Group, a Graham Holdings Company. Politically and physically weakened, the Hamadas retained some of their tax farms in Mount Lebanon until 1771 when they were defeated and evicted by the northward expanding Shihab dynasty. Between 1187 and 1291, the Shiites of Jabal Amel were divided between the newly autonomous hills and a coast still subject to the Franks. situs link alternatif kamislot Iskandar is a Lebanese version of Alexander and means defender of mankind. 38. This neglectance continued into the early days of the French mandate. In a 2013 interview the lead investigator, Pierre Zalloua, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: "Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. 1260), a Tanukhid emir from Mount Lebanon whom al-Yunini identified as a Shiite Muslim, and was buried in Karak Nuh. At their high-point, Harfush domains extended from the Beqaa valley into Palmyra far in the Syrian Desert and sanjak of Homs in 1592 under Musa Harfush, and had obtained a rank in the provincial military hierarchy. Scuba Certification; Private Scuba Lessons; Scuba Refresher for Certified Divers; Try Scuba Diving; Enriched Air Diver (Nitrox) [19], Further east in the Bekaa valley, sources are scarce and generally uninformative. lifeguard air ambulance new mexico . Is True Religion made in Mexico? You can subscribe to "The Monthly" magazine by calling : 01-983008/9. The Sunnis recognize the first four caliphs as the Prophet Muhammad's rightful successors . With the resurgence of Safavid power, the Harfush emirs began to seek an extension of their power to the strategic Machghara, in the southernmost reaches of the Bekaa valley, with a view of securing contact with their fellow Shiites in Jabal Amel. First names could give a clue, given the history of the sectarian split. In Jabal Amel the situation was more sporadic and less intense, with Shiites allied with Druzes against Christian villagers, or acting on their own. [36] Resistance subsided following the French campaign, and Adham Khanjar and his men continued their sabotage missions until an unsuccessful assassination attempt on French High Commissioner Henri Gouraud, which led to Khanjar's execution in 1923.[40]. [28] In 1686, a joint Hamada-Harfush force defeated and drove Ottoman forces of Sidon and Tripoli and their allies out of Keserwan, who had encamped in the region earlier, leaving Jbeil susceptible to attack. Dig into and choose from MomJunction's treasure of 70,000+ baby names that are divided based on meaning, religion, origin, English alphabet, and gender. [22] In 1217, an elite Hungarian contingent was virtually annihilated by local archers in Jezzine, a Shia locality at the time, and the prisoners were paraded in Damascus. Unlike the Druze, the Shiite emirs were regularly denounced for their religious identity and persecuted as Qizilbash heretics per Ebussuud Efendi's definitions. One who is brave, bold and courageous. [36], In the 19th century, Lebanon saw dramatic changes when missionaries started establishing schools throughout the country. During Saladin's siege of Beaufort castle, military units from Jabal Amel, likely those of Husam ad-Din Bishara, came to his aid and replaced his forces as he marched to repel a crusader invasion of Acre. [40], Following the official declaration of the French Mandate of Greater Lebanon (Le Grand Liban) in September 1920, anti-French riots broke out in the predominantly Shia areas of Jabal Amil and the Beqaa Valley. During this period of chaos, also several predominantly Christian villages in the region were attacked due to the armed support they received from the French and their perceived acceptance of French mandatory rule, including Ain Ebel. Historian Max Weiss underlines how "sectarian claims were increasingly bound up with the institutionalization of Shi'i difference. What does Mustafa mean in Arabic? [1] (However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates), The Lebanese Sunni Muslims are highly concentrated in Lebanon's capital city - Beirut (West Beirut /or Beirut II), as well as Tripoli, Sidon, Western Beqaa, and in the countryside of the Akkar, Arsal. During the post-independence decades between 1943 and 1990, Shiites had the highest fertility rate (3.8) of all communities. Lebanese Shia Muslims (Arabic: ), historically known as matwila (Arabic: , plural of mutawlin[2] ([Lebanese pronounced as metouali[3]]) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Shia branch of Islam in Lebanon, which plays a major role along Lebanon's main Sunni, Maronite and Druze sects. Theo nh th nghim ca chng ti th chi nui l hay theo chu k bao gi cng c c xc sut chin thng cao hn cch chi theo ngy chnh v th m chng ti khuyn cc bn nn theo chi phng php nui c c an ton v bn vng hn nh. The last census in Lebanon in 1932 put the numbers of Shias at 19.6% of the population (154,208 of 785,543). These Itureans inhabited the hills above Tyre in Southern Lebanon, historically known as Jabal Amel, since at least the times of Alexander the Great, who fought them after they blocked his army's access to wood supply. [66], The Aga Khan IV made a brief stop in Beirut on 4 August 1957 while on a global tour of Nizari Isma'ili centres, drawing an estimated 600 Syrian and Lebanese followers of the religion to the Beirut Airport in order to welcome him. [15] This transformation likely started following the demise of the Umayyads in 750, when the Emesene Shia poet Abd al-Salam al-Homsi (777850 CE) figures first. It is an Arabic epithet and honorific title of the Prophet. A man named Omar, Abu Bakr, or Yazid would almost certainly be a Sunni, since these names correspond to the opponents of the first imams and the major villains of Shiite history. The tradition in this case refers to practices based on what the Prophet Muhammad said, did, agreed to. Alternative spelling. Which Pakistani actress are Shia? [36], Following the outbreak of the 1860 civil war, the conflict in Mount Lebanon had affected neighbouring areas. In recent years, the group has been implicated in sectarian violence such as the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Sunni leader Rafiq Hariri, and forty-nine of its operatives were arrested in the Sinai in late 2008. In the 2006 Lebanon War, Israeli warplanes bombed the factory of the Maliban Glass company in the Beqaa valley on 19 July. What happened should be written in gold. But surnames arent reliable either, given the number of intermarriages that occurred under Baath party rule. [43], The primary outlet for discussions concerning educational reforms among Shia scholars was the monthly Shiite journal al-'Irfan, founded in 1909. Later in 1921, this period of unrest ended with a political amnesty offered by the French mandate authorities for all Shiites who had joined the riots, with the intention to bind the Shia community in the South of Lebanon to the new Mandate state. Other names cant be linked to one sect or the other: Youll find plenty of Muslims from both camps named after Mohammed or his daughter Fatima. The group soon became widely vilified in the Islamic world for its armed campaigns across throughout the following decades, which included slaughtering Muslim pilgrims and sacking Mecca and Medinaand Salamiyah. While General Myers was meeting with officers and enlisted men there, I was free to walk around the base, and eventu ally I wandered into the command center, where my eye was immedi ately caught by a large flat-screen TV. The Lebanese coast was mainly inhabited by Phoenician Canaanites throughout the Bronze and Iron ages, who built the cities of Tyre, Sidon, Byblos and Tripoli, which was founded as a center of a confederation between Aradians, Sidonians, and Tyrians. lebanese sunni surnames. [12] Since 2011, Lebanon has taken in 1.5 million Syrian refugees. [12], The spread of Shia Islam in Lebanon and the Levant was a complex, multi-layered process throughout history. Sunni Arab clansmen said that one their own killed Ali Chebli, the Hezbollah member whose procession was attacked, to avenge the killing of the Sunni boy, Hassan Ghosn, last year. shia surnames in pakistan. "[48] This meant that the Shiite Ja'fari jurisprudence or madhhab was legally recognized as an official madhhab, and held judicial and political power on multiple levels. Politicians, Diplomats, and Public Servants, the Lebanese National Bloc political party, International Religious Freedom Report 2008, Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events, "Lebanon's Sheikhs Take on Assad and Hezbollah", Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression, Syria's war ignites sectarian strife in Lebanon, "2012 Report on International Religious Freedom - Lebanon", "Contemporary distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims&oldid=1142332895, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 20:43. However, the Ottomans did confirm tax-collectorship iltizam to the local Shia in Jabal Amel, Bekaa valley and northern Mount Lebanon as part of their efforts of relying on local intermediaries rather than forcibly imposing foreign ones. Many Muslims, seemingly predominantly Shiites, were killed or departed for the interior, who were replaced by tens of thousands of Franks through several decades. (Return to the corrected sentence.). Ansari is an arabic word which the means ' Those Who Support '. Sunni Islam in Lebanon has a history of more than a millennium. Isma'ilis hold that Isma'il ibn Jafar was the true seventh imam, and not Musa al-Kadhim as the Twelvers believe. Among the factors contributing to the recent surge of Sunni extremism in Lebanon, the most prominent is perhaps the growing Sunni resentment of Hezbollah, especially after the Shiite movement in May 2013 officially announced its military involvement in Syria, in support of Bashar al-Assad. (However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates) The Lebanese Sunni Muslims are highly concentrated in Lebanon's . Hashem (Arabic origin) meaning "crusher". Afghanistan is not considered Arab. Lebanese policymakers have struggled to come to terms with the phenomenon of Islamic radicalization in a country where Sunnis make up roughly a quarter of the population and for decades have lived side by side with Christians, Shia, and other Muslim sects. The Mamluks punished the town of Machghara in 1364 for disobedience and religious dissidence. [82], "Mutawl" redirects here. (The text on Shiite mosques, for example, will mention the imams.) Ultra-religious Sunnis and Shiites are much more easily distinguished. Thng thng vic ng s cho ngy hm nay s din ra vo sau kt qu ca k quay trc tm khong 1 n 2 gi ng h hoc vo bui sng ca ngy hm nay, chnh v th m cc bn c th cn thi gian truy cp vo xem nh. [39], When the French entered Nabatieh in 1918, they barred the local populace from carrying out political activity. Though little is known about Husam ad-Din's life, he was apparently a close friend of Saladin's son Al-Afdal who later converted to Shia Islam. Over the years, there have been numerous clashes between the Sunni and Alawi communities in Tripoli, particularly over the past 14 months since Syria's uprising began, as part of the Arab Spring that started in Tunisia. For example, the middle-class of predominantly urban Sunni areas expressed their demands for educational reforms through petitions directed towards the French High Commissioner and the League of Nations. [28] In 1693, the newly-ordained grand vizier Ali Pasha set about organizing a massive new campaign against the Hamadas, committing 20,000 troops to coordinate and annihilate the Shiites and Ahmad Ma'n, who was accused of "supporting the accursed Qizilbash". gip cc bn hiu r hn v cch xem cu l ti trang soicauhay.com ny th mi ngi nn c hng dn y nh. 35. Sectarian violence in Iraq last week resulted in 379 deaths and 458 wounded, the Iraqi government announced on Tuesday. Hezbollah confirmed that two people were dead. Shiite holy men wear either a black or a white turban (depending on their lineage) and a robe. Not to be confused with, E. G. 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[42] Shia leaders and religious clergy supported educational reforms in order to improve the social and political marginalization of the Shia community and increase their involvement in the newly born nation-state of Lebanon. hisense roku tv red light blinks 2 times,
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