How long can a deer hang in 50 degree weather? Red fox Urine smells stronger throughout all temp ranges, even down to zero. When coyotes enter into these urban areas, they pose a risk to small . A squirrel has many natural predators . In theory it is very. Most commonly used is wolf urine, moth balls and rags soaked in ammonia. Coyote urine has a wealth of uses and associated benefits. . However, in many instances, urine alone has not been strong enough to get the job done which is why Ole Time Woodsman has added the necessary gland scents to fully mimic a territorial marking. What is the best call to call in coyotes? These places have on staff Biologist . It might be an infection, or it could be diabetes. In this article, you will discover what makes coyote urine so smelly, and learn about the many ways it can be used to protect your property and benefit wildlife. The scent of an active predator in the area is a deterrent to most animals of prey. A Field Guide to the Coywolf. Our research has found that within the urban matrix, coyotes will avoid residential, commercial, and industrial areas but will use any remaining habitat fragments, such as those found in parks and golf courses. Indeed, instead of irritating the coyote with a smell, the scent of wolf urine will drive fear through the coyote's bones. vitamin B6 supplements. How do you hunt coyotes at night without night vision? Pee is usually clear or pale yellow, with a mild smell. 3. MTP coyote urine . Hopefully itll keep squirrels off my property. that a human can detect if you are near them in the woods or near where they just came through??? A hungry animal will target your edible plants, whether or not your defenses are up. Use Smells That Repel Coyotes. Realize that you can have feces/urine in your home and without any noticeable smell. Coyotes, foxes, mountain lions, and bobcats usually feed on a carcass at the flanks or behind the ribs and first consume the liver, heart, lungs, and other viscera. Coyote urine will get attention of red fox if fox recognizes what scent is from. Coyotes KILL AND EAT deer, raccoons, skunks, armadillo, rabbits and other furry animals! If a liquid urine spray isnt your idea of a pleasant garden defense, then we have good news! Or Is glue sticky? They are one of the smelliest creatures you'll ever find. You'll never see me to that. Coyotes may howl for a variety of reasons. If they learn that the smell is not linked with a predator in the immediate area, then they might become bolder and resume their offense on your gardens. Your friend has a dog, it comes over . Predator urine as a garden defense is not dependable long term, especially if its your only solution. One of the best things that you can do if you have noticed the staining or the smell You will smell the opossum urine smell before you see it usually; it has quite a scent to it. Its fast, affordable, and comes with no frills. Coyote urine can be used for several purposes. It isnt. It is a smell all its own, but not as dominant as a skunk who has sprayed all over the place. The most common food item for coyotes is small rodents. Although a coyote is considered one of the predators of javelina, I have seen javelina viciously attack coyotes if they sense a coyote in their surroundings. Does Coyote Urine Repel Javelinas? Must be re-applied over time/after rain. From repelling pests with coyote urine to luring big cats with cologne, humans are using odors to influence animal behavior. The pungency of the urine varies from coyote to coyote, but the core of the aroma is the same across the species. Sometimes, unusual urine odor indicates a medical condition or disease, such as: Cystitis (bladder inflammation) Dehydration. Coyote urine works against a whole host of mammalian garden pests to greater or lesser degrees. Okay. By scanning back and forth quickly with a powerful light where you expect to see coyotes coming to your call, you are more likely to see an oncoming coyote's eyeshine. Fox urine is used to repel rabbits, groundhogs, woodchucks, squirrels and chipmunks. What is the best call to call in coyotes? We havePredatorPee animal repellent products for big and small outside areas plus PredatorPeeHawkStopper for Hawks,PredatorPeeCoy coyote decoys for geese and birds - plusPredatorPeeSnakeGuard for snakes ! Coyotes KILL AND EAT deer, raccoons, skunks, armadillo, rabbits and So, to make a long, smelly story short, the answer is Yes, PredatorPee does smell, but that is only part of the story. Their urine is high in nitrogen, which in concentrated levels can kill the grass or any other plant . Coyote and fox urine are a yellow liquid with an ammonia-like scent. They use urine, and other chemicals their bodies produce, for scent marking. Bring two quarts of water to a boil and add one chopped jalapeno pepper, one chopped onion, and one tablespoon of cayenne pepper to the pot. PredatorPee offers a wide variety of natural urine repellent options, with coyote urine being one of the most popular! Do not leave your trash cans unattended or open. yessir,it keeps everything away!" It obviously has a lot to do with what they have been doing for the days leading up to you shooting them. Predator urine in gardens is not a foolproof solution to pest problems. This can make it easier to hunt coyotes, as they are attracted to the smell of the urine. Since wolves are the top predator of coyotes, the coyote is also deterred from the smell of wolf urine. It's very different, I'm not saying it's bad but it doesn't smell like fresh urine. And I di Question: "Was looking for advise on how to get rid of a mount that has a bad odor." Wolf urine When you take a fox, coyote or cat remove the bladder from the abdomen after skinning and drop in a clean container with a ight sealing lid. Address: Women Parliamentary Caucus, 1st floor, National Assembly Secretariat, Islamabad, Powered by - Westminster Foundation for Democracy, Partphoner Outdoor Post Light With Pier Mountmaterialceramic, Cork, Fiber, Richland County Ohio Indictments September 2020, Media Consultation on Gender and Climate Change Parliamentary Initiatives, General Assembly Session of WPC 26th January 2021, The role of Women Parliamentarians in Ending violence against women. Coyote Urine. Coyote urine and the urine of larger predators is a better choice for deer and other larger animals, and is also reported to work against woodchuck, raccoon, skunk, and smaller mammals. Mooer Preamp Live Vs Ge200, }); In most cases, people with ketoacidosis have sweet, strong-smelling urine. I see it in the snow all the time here were a fox came thru first , the yotes always kick scratch at red fox scent marks. Coyotes are generally scavengers and predators of small prey but can shift to large prey occasionally. If youre in need of an exterminator or wildlife professional, you can learn more about our nationwide network of pest control professionals. Tag Archives: does coyote urine smell Does PredatorPee Smell? Introduction: My name is Foster Heidenreich CPA, I am a delightful, quaint, glorious, quaint, faithful, enchanting, fine person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you. Donkeys are extremely aggressive towards coyotes and foxes, and will not hesitate to attack them and run them off of your property. Listen to your inner self..it has all the answers.. Tackling your pest problems one pest at a time. 1.American Heritage Industries coyote urine. "It has several functions. You cared for your chickens every day, tending to their . Male urine is a more preferred animal repellant. Coyotes are also known to be opportunistic feeders, meaning they will eat whatever is available. Sometimes it smells like pure cat urine to me, and sometimes it smells similar but different. Whatever caused the stink, cold fronts in the area can make it even more overpowering as denser air traps odors near the ground, Newland said. The most effective scent repellent for raccoons is coyote urine. 1 cup hot water. Sanders, M. T., & Cawthorn, J. M. (n.d.). When the coyote smells the urine or pheromones, they'll avoid the area because they think the danger is nearby. Motion lighting, strobe lighting, and blinking holiday lights. Coyote Urine. Always check with your doctor if your pee is pink or red. In North America, fox and coyote urine repellants can be used to deter house cats, rabbits, possums, beavers, armadillos, gophers, groundhogs, moles . The strong smell acts as a warning sign, and can help keep animals away from yards, gardens, and other areas of property. This is one of the most frequent questions the PeeMan gets. Collect fresh urine samples in a suitable container. Foxes have bushier tails and weigh less than coyotes. Not hard to test urine with cameras and see what's happening. bottle of Coyote Urine. In this life and death game of hide and seek, the scent of predator . Tiger urine is thus very effective at keeping away animals. And some Wolf Urine from Ogorman. Takeaway. Coyote and fox urine are a yellow liquid with an ammonia-like scent. Coyote and fox urine are the most commonly used for smaller mammals and deer, bobcat, wolf, bear, and mountain lion urine are also available. Skunks are sensitive to these smells and will avoid them. (Video) DOPE LEMON - Honey Bones (Official Video). Hot peppers. Casper Mattress Sale, It can even be used to deter predators from an area. Some foods and medications, such as asparagus or certain vitamins, can cause a noticeable urine odor, even in low concentrations. Coyotes are wild dogs that are native to North and Central America. To reduce the presence of coyotes near your home, make sure you do not leave food out for them to scavenge. Fox, Coyote, Raccoon, most other canines, and even bobcats may also be attracted by the scent. When Im not out roaming around 50+ acres of pastures, woods, and a freshwater bass pond, Im at my computer writing on Pest Pointers. Stop People from Loitering? Bladder stones may occur as a result of concentrated urine forming crystals and usually occur only in men. The theory behind products that are made of predator urine is that the smell of a predatory animal will deter prey species from entering into certain spaces. You still want to be carefull and not push your luck. Your friend has a dog, it comes over, you pet it, it lays down at your feet. I haven't smelled any before i shot them. By following these steps, you can help reduce the presence of coyotes in your area. Yocom-Russell, C. J., & Verble, R. M. (2020, November 5). Coyotes are prey for wolves, so urine coming from predators, like that is certainly a deterrent, but in theory something . Coyotes have a scruffy-looking gray or brown coat, while foxes have a wide variety of colors. DigitalCommons@Universityof Nebraska Lincoln. It can also be used to mask the odor of the hunter, which can help the hunter remain undetected while stalking the game. It can be used as a tracking aid in order to prevent the hunter from getting lost. When the body excretes these in urine, they can make the urine smell like popcorn. Some patients who have UTIs actually describe the smell of their urine as sweet, Dr. Agarwal says. Anthurium Plowmanii Roots, The smell is caused by bacteria in your . Your neighbors will prefer the motion-sensor lights to the raging bass and colored strobes. Coyote Urine is not a synthetic chemical or pesticide, Coyote urine is just real, natural pee right from the coyote. If you are ever wondering where coyotes are located, the best thing to do is to listen for their distinctive howls. This is getting bizarre but Im just tellin ya what it says! Switch out the repellent every week or so to help keep the scent fresh and trick garden pests into believing that a coyote is patrolling the area. Predator urine falls into the category of olfactory repellents, meaning they target the pest animals sense of smell. If the suspected presence of a nearby coyote is not enough to scare these animals, then nothing will! It doesnt jump on you and youre not playing or wrestling with it. However, you may notice the brown stained patches. I have seen it a number of times walking out on a trail and see the fresh piss and tracks in the sand You can smell it very well.. Bobcat urine is good for mice, moles and voles. The scent alone may struggle to keep pests away. The Efficacy of Mammal Urine as a Lure in Camera Trapping Studies. Red Fox Urine Small Animal Deterrent Red fox urine is the all-natural, organic Red fox urine is the all-natural, organic and humane way to deter most yard and garden pests including deer, rabbits, skunk, ground hogs and small rodents. same with humans. It isnt. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. I think it smells somewhat like the urine of the American marten, if that helps anyone, but admittedly I haven't had a lot of opportunity to sniff the urine of either species. What does coyote urine smell like? In order to protect themselves from predators, coyotes use this powerful pungent odor as a warning sign. Warding them off is one of the most challenging tasks, which is why American Heritage Industries has launched this fantastic coyote urine sample that . LionPee from the meaty scent of WolfPee, but the conversation does not seem to last very long. But I often use different brands of coyote urine. Color. What is the fastest way to attract coyotes? How do you think Tracy got his PhD. Here's a test, freeze red fox and coyote . In the early season any distress sounds could lure in a coyote, especially adolescents. Coyotes are an iconic species, found in North and Central America. 5, Avon Bravo after- shave lotion, putrified deer, lamb fat ex- tract, several commercial coyote trap- ping lures, and a few other odors were as attractive or more attractive to coyotes than any coyote urine fraction. Coyote Urine Wolf Urine Bobcat Urine Fox Urine Mt.Lion Urine Bear Urine Raccoon UrinePick Your Pee Pick Your Pest, window.renderBadge = function() { It can be used to keep feral cats out of areas where they are not welcome. 3. Skunk repellents come in the form of sprays, granules, or pellets that you can spread . In fact, pee that has a strong ammonia smell, or foul, or slightly sweet-smelling urine is often the first indication that you have a UTI. Coyote urine can be used in a variety of ways, from repelling pests to keeping predators away. The closest thing urine would smell like would be vinegar 13. Thanks again. Different dogs will react in their own unique way, but many will become alert and uneasy as they display a heightened awareness of their surroundings. Even though they are 30000 acres you may only have 1 per 1000 acres. Coyotes weigh around 20-40 lbs and are typically nocturnal. Now, I always have operated under the opinion that there is no such thing as a dumb question, but some people might consider this to be one. What is the fastest way to attract coyotes? But alas, the PeeMan sometimes just can't help himself. Howling. but more importantly, with pheromone secretions from their glands. They may also howl to advertise their presence to potential mates. The scent of wolves acts as a natural feral cat repellent for yards. Other meats will also work great, and you might try using eggs or sweet foods like honey or jam. The size of coyote territories varies among habitats and also depends on its abundance of prey. Kind of like the way you can smell a red fox??? At night, they may mistake the bright lights for the eyes of another predator, which will likely send them running. Even at natural scent markers. A high level of ketones in the urine or blood is called ketosis. I have tried to answer your question as clearly as possible. Yard Cover Shakin' Flake coyote urine granules are especially useful in gardens where digging pests like groundhogs and gophers can be a real annoying problem. Castor-oil based repellents work well and penetrate the ground. Loc: Nicholasville, Ky. If a coyotes smell is present, small animals like rabbits and skunks may be less likely to wander onto your property. Time of Day: Coyotes are nocturnal hunters by nature, making dawn and dusk the optimal hunting times as they head out in search of food. 25. Their diet consists of small animals, fruits, and vegetables, as well as carrion or food from human sources. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Use left/right arrows to navigate the slideshow or swipe left/right if using a mobile device. Which explains why people go to garden centers and hardware stores and pay good money for a bottle of coyote urine. The scent is thought to attract the likes of foxes, coyotes, raccoons, and even bobcats. Many gardeners claim that coyote urine also works to repel woodchucks, raccoons, skunks, foxes, rabbits, groundhogs, birds, possums, and other smaller mammals. Both of the sexes have long and curved horns. [5,6,8,10] Urine contains many dissolved minerals and salts. Create a "pee-rimeter" with WolfPee liquid, Use WolfPee YardCover Granules to keep cats from using your garden as a litter box and use WolfPeeShots to stop cats from moving into your shed or garage. urine. Some people compare the smell to that of a skunk. Predator urine is one of the best ways to frighten away unwanted small animal pests including rabbits, deer, raccoons, skunks, possum, squirrels and chipmunks. Before there was a supermarket on every corner, the farmstead garden was essential to survival for rural families. That's my buddy, Vito. The simple answer is "Yes", especially if you take a good whiff right out the bottle! It is nature's own natural animal repellent! It is just that I think people who ask this question may be living a quite cultured and sheltered life. The . A coyote will enter into urban areas and near homes in search of food. You may not be using the right sounds at the right time. So its probably not a good idea to be a wiseguy andbetter to just nicely answer the question. The best Scent Repellents for Raccoons are Cayenne Pepper, Vinegar, Peppermint oil, Ammonia, Coyote Urine & Raccoon Eviction Fluid. The aroma of coyote urine is strong and pungent, and can sometimes be described as musky. Step 1: Collect Your Urine. Coyotes use their urine odor to mark their territory, and when raccoons smell it, they will stay away. Coyote is a natural predator of raccoons, and these animals fear their urine. Coyote urine has a very strong smell that can be described as pungent and musky. Using this type of urine tends to send voles running the other way. I have yet to kill one. How do you get coyote urine? (Video) HOW TO Use Coyote Scents for SUCCESS, (Video) Understanding Coyotes: How Coyotes Smell Humans, (Video) How to Use Scents to Drop More Coyotes, (Video) Trapping Coyotes in SW PA 22/23 Ep.06 S.02 #trappingcoyotes #trapline #songdogdown. Its often used in hunting as a way to mask a hunters scent, making it easier to get close to animals without being detected. In the wild a predator will mark its territory with not only urine, but more importantly, with pheromone secretions from their glands. It can be used to keep cats away from flower beds and other areas you wish to protect from animals. "So, if a coyote smells wolf urine, it's natural instinct is survival. Buy Wildlife 523 Coyote Urine, 4-Ounce at Amazon. Urine can smell like Grape Juice and other acidic, pungent odours after consuming certain foods. 1 tablespoon castor oil. Coyotes tend to avoid human contact. If it is coyote country, we will recommend using WolfPee as a very sound alternative critter deterrent for deer and other coyote prey with the added benefit of being a coyote repellent as well. I see guys throw them over the shoulder to carry them out. I see guys throw them over the shoulder to carry them out. Mountain Lion urine is said to keep deer, wild deer, javelins and armadillo at bay. Some are aggressive; some are passive; some are skittish and some are not. And I don't use as much urine as most. I use several different urines as I set up a property ,im trapping on. You certainly will smell it when you open the bottle, but after applied the scent dissipates quickly beyond the range of the human nose. Richland County Ohio Indictments September 2020, So even in a low coyote population. American Heritage also offers fox urine as well, if youre aiming to deter the prey of a fox. Gardeners report mixed results with predator urine. In addition, some residents illegally place food out for coyotes, which compounds the problem. Predator urine: many of the solutions sold in stores are touted to contain the urine of opossum predators like fox, coyote, bobcat, and even bear. In the wild a predator will mark its territory with not only urine, but more importantly, with pheromone secretions from their glands. Next time youre out in the woods and you catch a whiff of coyote urine, dont be alarmed its just a sign that youre in the presence of something wild and magnificent. Coyote urine is most effective at deterring larger animals that coyotes hunt in the wild, such as deer, woodchucks, raccoons, skunks, foxes, rabbits, groundhogs, birds, possums, and other small mammals. Coyotes howl and yip primarily to communicate with each other and establish territory. 30. The Short Answer. As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. It is the only organic, all-natural deer deterrent and marmot repellent. Coyotes hide in covered open areas, raised grounds, or in dens during the day. Walker, S. (n.d.). The ability to do that might vary from one person to another, but we have done it several times. Before there was a supermarket on every corner, the farmstead garden was essential to survival for rural families. Some products also utilize urine or pheromones. A hungry animal will put itself at risk if it deems your garden to be its best option for a good meal. Swift, tough and wily, the coyote has only 2 known weaknesses: it sleeps heavily and looks back while fleeing, both of which the savvy hunter can take advantage of. However, in many instances, urine alone has not been strong enough to get the job done which is why Ole Time Woodsman has added the necessary gland scents to fully mimic a territorial marking. Theres no doubt that coyote urine is a great way to boost the effectiveness of existing deterrents. I'm tending to be more like The Beav, but one flaw trappers continue to demonstrate (IMO) is they always want to treat every coyote or every fox, the same as every other coyote or fox. Some brightly colored food dyes can cause green urine. Adult-Coyote Howler. If you have other symptoms such as pain when peeing, peeing more often than usual and pee that looks cloudy, you may have a urinary tract infection (UTI). Coyotes KILL AND EAT deer, raccoons, skunks, armadillo, rabbits and other furry animals! Fox urine is used to repel rabbits, groundhogs, woodchucks, squirrels and chipmunks. Using Camera Traps to Evaluate Predator Urine Avoidance by Nuisance Wildlife at a Rural Site in Central Missouri, U.S.A. The added height of the stick ensures the scent is disbursed by the breeze so it's a can't miss for coyotes. If you see a coyote during the daytime, you should exhibit caution, as that coyote may have become habituated to humans (and may be more likely to attack). 16 oz. ), there are a few strategies you can use to keep it working at peak performance against your mammal pests! I considered using coyote urine, but it is expensive and not that easy to find. The smell of coyote urine is distinct and can be immediately detected by other coyotes in the area. Diane: Respond to this topic here on forum.oes.org : We get fox or coyote urine at the local pest control store. Bobcat Urine. Leave open jars of vinegar on the perimeter of where the animal is frequenting. Would it be possible for me to experience a sense of what it must be like to actually smell what I was looking for and follow its trail, in the exact same way as dogs and coyotes do? A 180-degree TripleLite flashlight lights up a whole walkway and will fit into a purse or pocket. The Pee Man says that Coyote urine will deter rats, deer, raccoons, groundhogs, gophers and possum. This response to a specific scent associated with a species' urine is used by game hunters to mask the presence of the human scent. Leave the jars out for a few weeks, refilling them as necessary. Coyote urine at coyote sets. Just to add when you shop using links from Pest Pointers, we may earn affiliate commissions if you make a purchase. Do coyotes sleep in the same place every night? As Beav said = Not all store bought urines are the same. I have tried to answer your question as clearly as possible. Coyotes KILL AND EAT deer, raccoons, skunks, armadillo, rabbits and other furry animals! window.gapi.ratingbadge.render( Ground Hogs, Gophers, Woodchucks, Marmots. More importantly, it will stay away from the treated property, considering t to be a marked territory. Coyotes dislike the smell of pungent odors such as white vinegar, cayenne/chili pepper, and strong perfumes. Just think about it, you've been at friend's house visiting or hanging out. The critter ran kind of funny too, that's why I thought it might have been a coyote. Diaphragm Call. When establishing a pee-limiter (get it? Like all olfactory repellents, coyote urine will lose its potency over time. First, coyotes are territorial animals who mark their territory with pee and poop. You've been warned. No one wants to come across these horror movie rejects at night,, Read More 9 Places Where Scorpions Go And Live During The DayContinue, A landscape just isnt complete without a hosta growing in dappled shade under a tree or in your landscape. As such, masking human scent is not a pesticidal use. You'll never see me to that. You may need to reapply the urine every few weeks to ensure that the scent remains strong. Coyotes are usually colored gray, tan, or brown and they usually have bushy tails. Feces/Urine of the animal. Ac Cobra 427, What are the Benefits of Using Coyote Urine? There is a distinct difference when he smells a rabbit, a squirrel or a coyote, I have learned the difference and when it is a coyote his reaction is very strong and very different, we will usually have a visual confirmation when his reactions are that strong. However, you might run into some unexpected guests when using natural deterrents like urine. But, if experienced coyote guys had all said "nope, no smell" I could have ruled out a coyote. If the suspected presence of a nearby coyote is not enough to scare these animals, then nothing will! Coyotes may live up to 21 years or more in captivity, but in the wild few animals live more than 6 to 8 years. These perennials are prized for their, Read More 7 Bugs And Insects That Love Eating Your HostasContinue, Theres no denying that chipmunks are adorable little rodents. 8 oz. You may see and hear coyotes more during mating season (January - March) and when the young are dispersing from family groups (October - January). Mow tall grass and remove thin brush and rubbish piles. I worry about Habitualizion .SO my thought is = over kill may be better. Using coyote urine can be beneficial in many ways, and can help to protect property and crops in a natural and humane way. Is fresh or old urine better. Loud noises from whistles, air horns, or noisemakers can also act to deter coyotes. We have located wounded coyotes by their smell, especially if the grass and weeds are wet and you are downwind of where they are. It is also often used to keep animals away from gardens and other areas where you do not want them to go. . So, every once in a while the PeeMan types something like: Hey Jimmy boy, do you think the pee of a wild coyote that eats gross stuff all day is going to smell like Chardonnay? and then catches himself just before he hits send and then writes something like this. PredatorPee coyote, wolf, mt. How do you hunt coyotes at night without night vision? As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. Required fields are marked *. Today, were going to cover the most famous predator pee, coyote urine, and how you can use it to defend your garden from common pests. Please note, comments must be approved before they are published. All store bought urine is not created equal. document.body.appendChild(ratingBadgeContainer); Now, I always have operated under the opinion that there is no such thing as a dumb question, but some people might consider this to be one. It's also useless. Coyote urine has gained currency as a deer repellent. Coyotes are deterred by bright light, so anyplace where coyotes are seen, flood lights should be turned on. This will create a barrier to keep out deer and other animals. You can sprinkle the granules around your garden or property line to deter animals and wildlife but remember; youll still need to frequently reapply the coyote urine granules, especially after a rainfall, in order for maximum effectiveness. A good set will trap many animals when used this way. Some animals like bats, raccoons, and flying squirrels urinate and defecate in buildings. Coyotes typically live in small family groups, which may contain up to ten individuals. How do you stop coyotes from attracting? Other odor deterrents (such as cayenne pepper or vinegar in water guns or balloons, etc). It can also be used to attract deer, turkey, and other game animals. Fresh human urine is considered bacteria-free and clean. The smell of coyote urine is strong enough to make predators think that a coyote is lurking, which is enough to keep them away. LOL! A musk ox can run up to 37 mph. Such glands also exist on other parts of the body. One, the stinky pee and two, the brown spots. . 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